Recent survey data from the Center for Adoption Support and Education (CASE) underscores a critical gap between client need and perceived clinician competence in adoption therapy. While the findings reflect high engagement with mental health services across adoption-impacted populations, they also reveal strikingly low ratings of adoption competence—particularly from those most directly affected. More than 89% of birth parents, over 90% of adoptive parents, and approximately 89% of adoptees reported engagement with mental health professionals—substantially higher than general U.S. population estimates of 30–40% (Reinert et al., 2024). Despite this, only 21.84% of respondents rated their clinicians as adoption competent. The disparity is even more pronounced among groups whose voices have historically been marginalized in adoption discourse:
- Only 15.57% of birth parents rated their clinicians as adoption competent
- Just 8.14% of adoptees rated their clinicians as adoption competent
- Adoptees in private domestic adoption (4.88%) and intercountry adoption (8.33%) contexts reported the lowest perceived competence
Across all adoption types, adoptees consistently reported the poorest clinician competence ratios, regardless of adoption pathway. The mean ratio of non-competent to competent clinicians was 3.94:1.79, highlighting how often adoptees encounter care that does not adequately reflect their lived realities. Please remember that while adults complete surveys, they often reflect on their therapeutic experiences as children. In fact the majority of complaints made to me by adoptees about other clinicians are about their experiences as children. As adults they tend to quickly quiet quit when they sense incompetence.
As is typical with CASE and the voices they value, over 62% of survey respondents were adoptive parents, while less than 10% were birth parents and just under 24% were adoptees. The survey does not account for how long respondents have been connected to adoption or what degree of personal learning, reflection, or unlearning has occurred over time. Additionally, 14.88% of participants identified as “other,” meaning they did not identify as an adoptee, adoptive parent, or sibling—further complicating assumptions about whose perspectives are shaping conclusions.
Clinical Implications
These findings challenge clinicians to reflect on whose voices they may unconsciously center and whose experiences may be minimized, misunderstood, or unintentionally invalidated. Adoption competence is not a status based on lived experience or a one-time training. It requires ongoing learning, reflection, and cultural humility, particularly given the complex intersections of loss, power, identity, race, class, disability, and systemic inequities embedded within adoption systems.
For therapists, this means:
- Moving beyond adoptive-parent-centric frameworks (like CASE)
- Actively seeking adoptee- and birth-parent-led scholarship and training
- Examining how dominant narratives of adoption may shape clinical assumptions and personal experience
- Remaining open to feedback, repair, and continued growth
When the majority of adoptees report encountering more non-competent than competent clinicians, the field has an ethical responsibility to respond. Individually, we must seek additional information and training. Professionally, we must be cautious in referrals, remember that experience does not equal expertise, and caution clients from choosing clinicians based on insurance coverage or convenient distance. On the macro level we need to advocate for education before experience and systematic accountability for cultural competence that goes beyond self-designation.
Recent executive actions expanding U.S. travel and immigration restrictions now include many countries that have participated in intercountry adoption with the US. A December 2025 proclamation lists Ghana, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Malawi, Liberia, Burkina Faso, Antiqua & Barbuda, Cameroon, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Nigeria, and others as subject to suspended or limited entry; and outright bars immigrant visas and adoption visas (IR‑3/IR‑4/IH‑3/IH‑4). This means even if an adoptive parent has filed a petition for a child, the visa categories that allow the child to enter the U.S. as an adoptee are currently suspended by policy. As a result, even families working with licensed U.S. agencies and pursuing previously authorized programs may see petitions frozen, visas denied, or cases placed in indefinite limbo unless a narrow waiver is granted.
For adoptive parents working on cases from countries like Haiti, where adoption processes were already challenged by instability, closures of government offices, and travel advisories, these bans add another layer: even if a family completes local adoption procedures, the U.S. government may delay or refuse visa issuance for that child, and USCIS may suspend processing of the family’s immigration petitions while the ban is in effect. Some families are seeking waivers or special national-interest exceptions to allow the child to enter despite the ban; however, these are adjudicated on a case-by-case basis, are not guaranteed, and introduce additional uncertainty and stress. These challenges are compounded by reciprocal bans recently enacted by Burkina Faso and Mali, which bar U.S. citizens from entering, potentially halting local adoption proceedings or complicating ongoing cases with families in those countries.
Additionally, adult adoptees may face distinct risks under current policies. One concern is that fraudulent, incomplete, or inconsistent documentation from the adoption process — which is unfortunately common in many intercountry adoptions — could be used as a basis for denaturalization or revocation of immigration status, even decades after the adoption. For adoptees born in countries subject to bans or heightened scrutiny, this creates anxiety about being stripped of U.S. citizenship and potentially deported to a country they may never have known, raising profound logistical, legal, and psychological questions about identity, belonging, and security.
As you reflect on the clients you work with, what are the questions they may have about these policies and how they will impact them? What might your clients be thinking about how the country views them as a family or as individuals? What should clients do when their legal paperwork can not be counted on? Does this impact plans for travel, search, reunion, open adoption? How is identify formation being impacted?
Olivier de Frouville is the Vice-Chair of the UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances and professor of international law. In this paper, he synthesizes binding international law, UN treaty obligations, and established court rulings to clarify that many illegal adoptions—particularly those involving deception, coercion, identity falsification, or state complicity—may constitute enforced disappearance and crimes against humanity under international law. These are among the most serious violations recognized globally and carry non-negotiable duties for states to investigate, prosecute, and remedy.
Crucially, the paper affirms that illegal adoption is a continuing crime when a person’s true identity has been concealed. This gives prosecutors clear legal grounding to state: “We are not retroactively criminalizing adoption. We are prosecuting an ongoing crime that has never ceased.” In practical terms, this means the passage of time does not erase legal responsibility, statutes of limitation do not begin until identity is restored, and “legal finalization” of an adoption does not cleanse underlying acts of abduction, deception, or falsification.
For therapists, this framework matters because it situates adoptee identity loss, secrecy, and chronic invalidation within a systems-level context of harm, rather than as individual pathology or family dynamics alone. It underscores why truth-seeking, record access, and naming injustice are often stabilizing and necessary for healing—and why minimizing, reframing, or insisting on gratitude can replicate the same concealment dynamics that international law identifies as harmful. Understanding this legal reality supports more ethical, trauma-informed, and culturally humble clinical care for adoptees and their families.
De Frouville, O. (2025, November 26). Obligations of States to prosecute illegal adoptions as crimes against humanity and/or enforced disappearances under international law [Working paper]. International Conference on Adoption Truth: Crimes Against Humanity, Enforced Disappearance and Forced Adoptions, Seoul, South Korea.
Dr. Abby Hasberry and I would like to share with you the upcoming Intro (because you never fully arrive) to Adoption Competency training that we are doing which is open to all therapists and students.
✨ The adoption constellation deserves access to more therapists with more knowledge and understanding. We believe all therapists are working with the adoption constellation, and we all have more to learn.
💲 Discounts are available for provisionally licensed professionals, students, as well as an access & inclusion rate, which is accessible to all adoptees and birth parents. We want everyone who wants to be there to be able to be!
✅ 14 CE hours are included through Practice Excellence, NBCC Approved Continuing Education Provider, ACEP No. 7601 or through academic sponsorship by the University of Georgia School of Social Work as required by Rule 135-B under the Georgia Composite Board of Professional Counselors, Social Workers, and Marriage and Family Therapists.
This training will include:
- adoption competency information,
- working with all members of the adoption constellation & those impacted by foster care,
- working with children, adults, & families,
- special populations within the adoption population,
- racism in adoption & foster care,
- conceptualization, diagnosis, goals, and modalities for adoption therapy
- research, history, and more
This link is for days 1&2 and 14 CE hours: https://brooke-randolph.com/consultation-training/adoption-competency-training/
An optional 3rd day for Brainspotting trained therapists is also available for 21 total CEs: https://brooke-randolph.com/consultation-training/brainspotting-training/brainspotting-with-adoption-specialty-training/
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@adopteecrossinglines
Liberty Lost
In Evangelical homes across the United States, sex outside of marriage is a sin against God. So, when Abbi becomes pregnant at 16, her devout parents hide her away at the Liberty Godparent Home, a little-known facility for pregnant teens on the campus of Liberty University. The Home says it helps girls decide what comes next – whether that’s parenting their babies or placing them for adoption. But inside the facility, the girls hear a different message: God wants their babies to go to more “deserving” Christian couples. Some girls will find the strength to fight back. Others will have no choice but to give in. And some, like Abbi, will turn their grief into resistance – and take a stand against the system before more mothers lose their children to adoptions they never wanted.
Adoption Uncovered
When Lynelle Long wanted to connect with other international adoptees like herself as an adult, she had a hard time finding them. She decided that there should be a better way for adoptees to connect, so she built it. Now her organization, Inter Country Adoptee Voices, offers a refuge for adoptees all over the world seeking community. Not only does Lynelle seek to connect adoptees so they can support each other, but she also encourages adoptees to educate the rest of us. Lynelle speaks out for adoptee rights and fights for adoptee access to information. She has been influential in encouraging the government of Australia, the country where she currently lives, to reform its role in adoption to include support not only for adoptive parents, but also for adoptees. Learn more about Lynelle’s important work and her ideas about how we can all support adoptees better in this episode.
I want to highlight a book with each newsletter, so we can all continue to grow and learn. AD
It has been a while since I have been so pleasantly surprised by a book as I was by In Search of a Salve: Memoir of a Sex Addict. While I know some clinicians prefer the term 'problematic sexual behavior' to 'sex addiction', Katherine describes her experience well, recognizing how early separation and adoption family dynamics both impacted her emotional experience. She discusses her entire journey including her process towards healing and growth. I think it is something that all therapists should read.
From Amazon: Garland weaves the seedy and secretive world of a sex addict with her words, removing the erotic and replacing it with the reality of what it means to live a double life; lying to and cheating on the ones you love.
But like anyone wanting to see the other side of addiction, Garland had to do the necessary work to put her urges in perspective and her desires in check. In Search of a Salve is the memoir of someone who's spent years excavating her interior; rooting out what never belonged and pouring in all that she needed to live courageously bold, honest, and healing.
For more recommendations, check out my (affiliate) Amazon Storefront
Online Brainspotting Phase 1 Training
Are baby boxes saving lives?
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Indian Adoptees: Call for Submissions
MAiDEn INDIA
It is time to join our brothers and sisters in the collective healing power of writing, and create the first Indian adoptee anthology
Deadline: March 15, 2026. Finalists will hear from us approximately three months later and we will work with you to make our pieces fit together.
Who can submit? Anybody adopted from India (transracially, same race, transnationally, or within country).
What type of writing should I submit? We are accepting anything in the creative nonfiction genre that falls within our four main themes of fate, death, blood, and hunger. You may interpret any of these words as you wish; just choose one. Get raw and bring the emotion.
Any length requirements? No-ish. Your submission could be as short as a paragraph or as long as would be appropriate for an anthology. Poetry/lyrics are welcome. We may cut for length if needed.
What is your goal with this anthology? We are hoping to use this anthology to raise awareness and funds for causes that benefit the Indian adoptee diaspora. In a perfect world, this anthology will be picked up by a regular publisher (vs self-publishing), but we will cross that bridge later. We will keep everybody informed before any decisions are made.
Ready to submit?Visit our website (maidenindiafilm.wordpress.com) and submit your piece using our form
Questons? Email maidenindiafilm@gmail.com
Adoptee Processing Group
with Katy Perkins Coveney, LCSW-S
Open to adopted people age 21+, in the U.S. Mondays at 6:30p EST (5:30p CST), cost is $65 per session. Please let me know which ones you would like to sign up for. You don't have to plan all the way thru 2026, just listing them here to keep all in one place. If the majority can't make a date we can discuss in group whether you'd like to reschedule or cancel together. If you're interested in referring clients please let them know that they will be asked to meet with Katy virtually for up to 30 min to assess goodness of fit before their first meeting.
2026 1/26, 2/9, 2/23, 3/9, 3/23, 4/13, 4/27, 5/11
Treating Developmental Trauma and Attachment in Children (TDTAC) is a live, online, 38.25-hour, post-graduate level course for mental health professionals in the fields of child welfare, children’s mental health and adoption / permanency. The course consists of self-directed learning of resources that will be provided, a 1-hour pre class meeting, 31.25 hours of on-line or in-person class, and 6 hours of knowledge implementation classes. TDTAC combines the recent research on Interpersonal Neurobiology with the physiological and relational practices. After completion, participants will be eligible to register as an ATTACh mental health clinician and receive one year membership to ATTACh.
Immigration Resources
Since not all sources agree on some points, it is a good idea to read several. Below are just a few related to adoptees specifically.
Key features of the app include:
- One-click emergency alerts via SMS to pre-selected contacts
- Personalized emergency plans for childcare, medical needs, legal support, and more
- Option to share key information with National Immigration Legal Response Alliance (NILRA) if faced with arrest, a national network of pro bono immigration attorneys
- Currently available in six languages: English, Spanish, Korean, Mandarin, Haitian Kreyol, and French
Unlike paper or PDF-based emergency plans, ReadyNow! is built for real-time response. If users have a run-in with ICE, they simply press the big red alert button and ReadyNow! will send out those emergency messages via SMS to pre-assigned contacts. All data is encrypted, stored only on the user’s device, not on the Cloud, and deleted after an alert is sent—preventing access by ICE if the phone is seized.
Adoptees United’s Citizenship Clinic assists intercountry adopted people with US citizenship or immigration issues. The clinic’s services include legal screenings, consultation and advice about legal options, and legal representation to secure a Certificate of Citizenship or, if needed, a Certificate of Naturalization.
please click on image to enlarge
AFFCNY has put together two really thorough lists of resources. The Immigration Resources pictured below includes a listing of several legal resources and other information. The Citizenship Resource for Intercountry Adoptees resources is also full of very helpful links. They have also invited Greg Luce to be a Keynote for their May conference.
App Store: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/know-your-rights-4-immigrants/id6740367633
Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nakasec.chunk&hl=en_US
The Ties Program
Emergency Hotline:
NAKASEC also has a 24/7 hotline, where you can call and receive live confidential assistance in English or Korean. If you or someone you love is confronted by police/ICE/CBP or has been detained, you can call 1 844 500 3222 for immediate support. For non-emergency calls, such as requesting help determining your immigration status, please contact legal@adoptees4justice.org.
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Estrangement Research
Branco, S. F. (2025). Transnational Colombian adoptee resilience through the lens of liberation psychology. Revista Interamericana de Psicología / Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 59, e2229. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v59(2025).e2229 (full text)
ABSTRACT
The Colombian transnational adoptee diaspora is a marginalized subgroup of the Latine community seldom acknowledged yet growing in solidarity. As evidence of the illicit Colombian transnational adoption practices have intensified so have the efforts to support adoptee social justice rights. This article outlines how Liberation Psychology principles serve to facilitate action to address historical injustices promulgated by illicit adoption practices. The mental health consequences impacting adult Colombian transnational adoptees are described. Implications for psychologists and mental health providers are discussed.
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Davi, N., Font, S. A., Hanlon, R., & Drumm, A. R. (2025). Adoptee experiences of adoption stigma. Adoption Quarterly. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2025.2589171 (full text)
ABSTRACT
This mixed-methods study analyzes adoptees’ experiences and perceptions of adoption stigma, drawing on survey responses from 523 adoptees and three focus groups with 23 adoptees. Participants represented intercountry, private domestic, and foster care adoption. While 42% of survey respondents reported no stigma, 35% experienced stigma from three or more sources, often classmates and the general community. Focus groups highlighted four key domains of adoption stigma: belief and focus, method, source, and impact. Participants also described other harmful beliefs and experiences, while not categorically within the scope of adoption stigma, that provided important reflections on experiences that negatively impact adoptees. These findings deepen understanding of adoption stigma and support more informed public discourse.
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Arefi, A. N., Pirmoradi, M., Zahedi Tajrishi, K., & Ashouri, A. (2025). Effectiveness of adoption-specific therapy on behavioral problems and attachment in adopted children and parental stress in adoptive families: A randomized controlled trial.Acta Psychologica, 262, Article 106015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106015 (full text)
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Adoption-Specific Therapy (ADAPT) in improving outcomes among adoptive families in Iran. Thirty adoptive families were initially recruited, and 25 families who completed both pre- and post-test assessments with children aged 7 to 12 were randomly assigned to either the ADAPT group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 13). The ADAPT intervention included 34 sessions over 20 weeks (14 for the child, 14 for the parents, and 6 joint sessions), focusing on adoption-related issues, attachment, identity development, and the parent-child relationship. Post-test assessments were conducted immediately after the 20-week intervention using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; primary outcome), Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire (KCAQ), and Parenting Stress Index (PSI). The ADAPT group showed significantly greater improvement than controls on the CBCL (F(1,22) = 6.09, p = .022, partial η² = 0.22) and KCAQ (F(1,22) = 5.45, p = .029, partial η² = 0.20). For the PSI, while ANCOVA showed significance (F(1,22) = 6.20, p = .021, partial η² = 0.22), this was not confirmed by non-parametric testing (U = 57.00, p = .347). These results provide preliminary evidence for the potential of ADAPT as a culturally responsive and trauma-informed intervention for Iranian adoptive families.
On-Demand Webinar Replay
Events to Note
For Educators & Therapists
February 16-17 Creating Trauma Sensitive Schools online conference by ATN
June 26-29 Creating Trauma Sensitive Schools conference by ATN, Dallas
For Therapists
February 11-12 Adoption Therapy: an introduction to competency by Abby Hasberry and Brooke Randolph
February 13 Setting up Brainspotting with the Adoption Constellation by Brooke Randolph
For Therapists & Parents
April 9-11 ATTACh conference, San Antonio
June 24-26 NCFA conference, Washington DC (proposals accepted through September)
First Thursdays PDA 101
For Foster/Adoptive Parents
Tuesdays January - February Foster & Adoptive Parent Consultation Group with Cam Lee Smalls
March 8-11 Fullness of Joy SoulCare Retreat by Lisa Qualls, Washington
March 12-15 Fullness of Joy SoulCare Retreat by Lisa Qualls, Washington
Monthly meetings Parenting through Disconnection by BPAR
Every other Sunday (additional groups to be scheduled) Adoption/Foster + PDA Support Group by PDANA
Wednesday’s 1:30 PST Zoom Support Group from Fostering Unity
Wednesday’s 6:30 EST Weekly Parent Self-Care from AFFCNY
3rd Mondays Adoptive & Foster Parent Peer Support Group by Adoption Knowledge Affiliates
3rd Tuesdays Helping Children Heal from Sexual Abuse from AFFCNY
3rd Thursdays Transracial Adoptive Parent Support Group by Adoption Network Cleveland and Transracial Journeys
3rd Friday’s Single Parent Support Circle from AFFCNY
Fourth Wednesday’s Parents of Young (ages 4-7) Adoptees Group online from Boston Post Adoption Resources
Monthly Parents of Kids (ages 8-10) Adoptee Group online from Boston Post Adoption Resources
Monthly Parents of Teen Adoptees Group online from Boston Post Adoption Resources
Monthly Dad Squad online peer support from AFFCNY
Monthly Single Parents of Adoptees Group online from Boston Post Adoption Resources
in person trainings available from Adoption Network Cleveland
Monthly Foster the Family Support Group meetings live in more than 20 cities
For the Constellation
January 4 Un-M-Othered, by Dr. Liz DeBetta by NAAP
January 5 Advocating for Change in Utah's Adoption Landscape with Ashley Mitchell and Kelsey Vander Vliet Ranyard by ANC
January 10th Where We Find Joy We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
January 12 Navigating Worthiness through Dating, Marriage, and Divorce with Katie Gagel by ANC
February 14 Perceived Same Race Black Adoptees We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
March 14 Sex Intimacy, & Adoption We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
April 11 Non-Adoptee Therapists We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
May 9 Adoptees Raised by Queer Parents We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
June 25-27 Alliance for the Study of Adoption and Culture Conference, Leeds, UK
September 12 The Constellation: Doing the Work We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
October 10 Native Adoptees We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
November 14 Reunion & Death We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
December 12 Adoptees & ADHD We The Experts by Adoption Mosaic
Mondays Better Together Group by Adoption Mosaic
Every Tuesday Addiction & Adoption Constellation Support Group by Celia Center
Every Friday National Association of Adoptees and Parents Happy Hour
1st Tuesdays DNA Discovery Support Group by Adoption Network Cleveland
2nd Sundays Constellation group by CUB
2nd Thursdays DNA Discoveries Peer Group by Adoption Knowledge Affiliates
3rd Thursdays online Search and Reunion Group by Boston Post Adoption Resources
4th Thursdays Migrating Toward Wholeness: Rewriting Adoption Narratives in the Constellation with Liz DeBetta by NAAP
For Children & Teens
Tuesdays January-February Teen Adoptee Identity & Skills Group by Cam Lee Smalls
Every other Thursday Teen Adopt Connect support group with Lesli Johnson and Angela Gee
1st Tuesdays Adoptee Group for Kids Ages 8-10 (online) from Boston Post Adoption Resources
2nd Tuesdays Tween Adoptee Group for Ages 11-12 (online) from Boston Post Adoption Resources
3rd Tuesdays Teen Adoptee Group age 13-15 (online) from Boston Post Adoption Resources
4th Tuesday’s Teen Adoptee Group age 16-18 (online) from Bost Post Adoption Resources
Virtual AdopTween meetings
For Adoptees
January 14 Adoptee Wellness Chat by Adoption Mosaic
Periodic Mondays Adoptee Processing Group with Katy Perkins Coveney
1st Mondays In-person Adoptee Peer Support Group by AKA, South Austin
1st Monday’s Adult Adoptee Group (online) from Boston Post Adoption Resources
1st Thursday Estrangement Peer Support Group by AKA
1st Thursday Adoptee Support Group with Marie Dolfi
1st Friday Adoptee Peer Support Group by AKA
2nd Monday In-person Women Adoptees Peer Support Group by AKA, North Austin
2nd Tuesdays Transnational Adoptee Support Group by Adoption Network Cleveland
2nd & 4th Fridays By Us For Us Young Adults Adoptees of Color Community Connections with Angela Gee and Robyn Park
Every other Tuesday Adoptee Paths to Recovery addiction support group by NAAP
Bimonthly LGBTQ Adult Adoptee Support Group by Boston Post Adoption Resources
Bimonthly People of Color Adult Adoptee Support Group by Boston Post Adoption Resources
3rd Wednesdays Men’s Adoptee Peer Support Group by Adoption Knowledge Affiliates
3rd Wednesdays Adult Adoptee Only Support Group by Celia Center
4th Tuesdays Intersecting Identities: Adopted persons who are (or who identify as) Autistic, ADHD, and/or otherwise neurodivergent by Jenna Cacciola & Jodi Moore
4th Thursdays Multicultural Adoptee Women’s Peer Support Group by Adoption Knowledge Affiliates
Final Tuesdays Women Adoptee Peer Support Group by Adoption Knowledge Affiliates
Final Thursdays Adoptees United community talk
Monthly College/University Adoptee Virtual Group details through DM
Enneagram for Adoptees virtual group for ages 25+ by Adoption Connection
Adoptees Connect groups can be found globally
For Birth Parents
18th of each month Birth First Parents Only Support Group by Celia Center
1st Tuesdays Birthmoms Connect support call from On Your Feet Foundation
1st Wednesdays Birth Mother Support Group by Adoption Network Cleveland
2nd Tuesdays Birth/First Parent Peer Support Group by Adoption Knowledge Affiliates
2nd Thursdays Birthmoms Connect support call from On Your Feet Foundation
3rd Wednesdays Navigating Closed/Reunion Adoption support call from On Your Feet Foundation
3rd Saturday CUB Support Group via Zoom
3rd Sunday CUB Monthly Writer’s Group
4th Mondays Birth/First Parent Peer Support Group by Adoption Knowledge Affiliates
4th Tuesdays Birthmoms Connect support call from On Your Feet Foundation
On Your Feet Foundation has monthly support calls available
Concerned United Birthparents message boards
Thank you for your commitment to practicing excellence!
Brooke Randolph, LMHC, LIMHP, LPC, LPCC-S
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